Racial Targeting essays

Racial Targeting articles The act of focusing on people for police examination dependent on their race alone over the most recent couple of years has been an inexorably noticeable issue in American culture. Various magazines, papers, and diaries have investigated the issue of race-persuaded police activities. As of late, the ABA Journal did an investigation of New Jersey and Pennsylvania traffic prevents from 1998 to 2001, inferring that dark drivers were bound to be pulled over and captured than whites. The examination likewise digs into the lawful repercussions of the 1996 United States Supreme Court controlling in the Whren v. US case, which held that cops abstract inspiration for halting a driver on the parkway was insignificant up to a reasonable justification was available -, for example, a petty criminal offense existed for making the stop. The Whren court choice approved the guise stop, which happens when cops apparently stop drivers for petty criminal offenses however are in certainty roused by the l onging to acquire proof of different violations. Cops, be that as it may, contend that racial profiling is sound judgment and is reasonable, factually based device that empowers them to center their energies productively for giving assurance against wrongdoing to law an awaiting resident. In Taylor and Whitney, an examination researching the presence of an experimental reason for racial profiling and wrongdoing, they presumed that society must recognize the measurements behind crime percentages so as to comprehend the idea of racial profiling; such data is accessible in yearly wrongdoing reports. Measurements are realities and numbers which can't be questioned and give the experiential premise to racial profiling. The FBI Bulletin likewise tended to the need to think about measurements in tending to the issue of racial profiling. Be that as it may, not at all like Taylor and Whitney who contend for the utilization of insights to help racial profiling, the FBI Bulletin advances the use of measurements so as to red... <!

Dangerousness and Dangerous Offenders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Peril and Dangerous Offenders - Essay Example Dept. of Justice, and Canada. Wellbeing and Welfare Canada, 1984). Prohibitive measures then again allude to those practices that are utilized by the different establishments in the criminal equity framework to guarantee sex guilty parties don't reoffend again after their conviction (Howitt, 1995). These target shielding the general population from being annoyed and furthermore observing the guilty parties not to reoffend. A portion of the prohibitive estimates that are utilized to deal with these wrongdoers incorporate the utilization of sex guilty party registers, Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements, Circles of Support, and Accountability, utilization of endorsed premises, permit conditions, detainment facilities, situational wrongdoing avoidance, and treatment of wrongdoers (Marshall, Eccles and Barbaree, 1993). This paper will consequently look at the quality and shortcomings of these prohibitive measures to shield the general population from any sexual offense. It will additionally focus on the decency and viability of these methodologies in securing the general population. This segment will likewise investigate the harmony between human privileges of the guilty parties and open insurance remembering that these wrongdoers are additionally individuals and their privileges should be ensured as much as they merit discipline for their offense (Rainey, 2013). In the first place, sex guilty party register is one of the prohibitive measures planned for shielding the general population from sexual offense. It is a database containing records of those required to enroll with the police under the Sexual Offenses Act 2003 (Welchans, 2005). This incorporate people who have been imprisoned for over a year for having submitted fierce offenses a the individuals who are probably going to be in danger of culpable. Upon introductory enrollment, it is a prerequisite for the wrongdoers to give the police the accompanying data; their complete names, date of birth, street number, identification subtleties, bank subtleties and the national protection number. This register requires the guilty party to educate

Blog Archive MBA News Stanford GSB Tops Poets Quants 2014 Best B-Schools List

Blog Archive MBA News Stanford GSB Tops Poets Quants 2014 Best B-Schools List Last week, Poets Quants released its 2014 composite list of the top 100 MBA programs in the United States. In a big change this year, the Stanford Graduate School of Business replaced Harvard Business School in the top spot for the first time since the list’s 2010 debut. The University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, Chicago Booth, and Columbia Business School also appear in the top five, with Wharton surpassing Chicago Booth for the first time in several years. Making the most significant positive shift of any program ranked, the Yale School of Management jumped five places to land at number 12â€"its best placement yet. The Poets Quants list synthesizes results from the latest rankings released by U.S. News World Report, Forbes, Bloomberg Businessweek, the Financial Times, and The Economist. Click here to access the full list. Poets Quants 2014 Top 20 U.S. MBA Programs Stanford Graduate School of Business Harvard Business School UPenn Wharton Chicago Booth Columbia Business School Northwestern Kellogg MIT Sloan Dartmouth Tuck Duke Fuqua UC-Berkeley Haas Michigan Ross Yale School of Management UVA Darden UCLA Anderson Cornell Johnson NYU Stern Carnegie Mellon Tepper UNC-Chapel Hill Kenan-Flagler UT-Austin McCombs Emory Gozuieta and Indiana Kelley (tie) Share ThisTweet News

Types Of Government By Thomas Hobbes Essay - 855 Words

Madison McMurray Mrs. Sauter World History/Block D 14 December 2014 Types of Government Through our studies, we have ventured to find innumerable varying beliefs regarding the duty of the government. Each of these beliefs exposed not only the honest beliefs of those who directly fought but also the beliefs of many who were or felt voiceless. In truth, there is no correct way to run a government but our ideas have most definitely progressed due to all of these widely shared ideas. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Karl Marx both provide very different, opposing views of the government. The beliefs from each political figure stood to get them into tough situations and often punished. Their passion in each of their writings proved to create such controversy and provoke thought, making these writings so important. Thomas Hobbes employed that human beings were naturally cruel beasts, in need of harsh, strict civilization from the government. Each of his arguments in Leviathan mainly stemmed from this belief. If not fully controlled, the people would act on their vicious instincts. Hobbes fought each thing that may have suggested slight violence was an act of pure evil human for example, the need to lock a door or carry arms, which he explains in one of his writings. In the quote provided, he even explains the importance of imposing such â€Å"power and strength† onto others in order to prevent such malicious behavior. A specific idea of his was titled the â€Å"social contract,† in whichShow MoreRelatedThomas Hobbes And The Enlightenment878 Words   |  4 PagesSecond, what type of government is best? Thomas Hobbes, an Englishman born in 1588, is one of the Enlightenment thinkers. Hobbes wrote The Leviathan, published in 1651, observing the violence and behavior of people near the end of the English Civil War. He believed that monarchy is the best government. John Locke, another Enlightenment thinker, is an Englishman born in 1632. Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government, published in 11689,expressing his opinions on th e â€Å"state of nature† and types of governmentRead MoreAnalysis Of V For Vendetta By Allan Moore And The Norsefire Government1503 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical philosopher Thomas Hobbes’ had this sort of thought though- a supreme leader was the best way to create absolute sovereign and remove civil war within society. Hobbes believed that if citizens created a social contract, it would be the ideal way for citizens to live within peace and adhere to the law of nature. Within the graphic novel V for Vendetta written by Allan Moore and illustrated by David Lloyd, the aspect of their totalitarian government, The Norsefire reflects Hobbes’ ideology of theRead MoreImpact Of Thomas Hobbes During The Age Of Absolutism1009 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Hobbes During the Age of Absolutism The Age of Absolutism was a time during the 16th to 19th centuries where many political, religious and colonial conflicts were rising. Some philosophers began to analyze the ideas of their civilizations in depth toward the end of this time period as it led into the Age of Enlightenment. One of these philosophers was Thomas Hobbes. He had quite a few accomplishments during his lifetime including writing many books and supporting the popular belief thatRead MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of Government884 Words   |  4 Pages This essay will discuss and show how Thomas Jefferson’s theory of revolution follows the speculation of government from the philosopher John Locke. We’ll additionally discuss Thomas Hobbes’s theory of government. Both John Locke and Jefferson’s theories contributed to the American Revolution and to the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson’s theory of revolution found within the Declaration of Independence follows John Lockeâ €™s theory of government in multiple aspects, as well as in bothRead MoreViews of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau815 Words   |  4 PagesEuro 3/9/13 Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Racques Rosseau were philosophers who stated their belief of human nature and how we should govern mankind. Although Rousseau was born a different time than Hobbes and Locke, they all had a very strong influence on the way governments should function. They created a revolutionary idea of the state of nature, the way men were before a government came into play. Each philosopher developed guidelines and responsibilities that the government is obliged toRead MoreThomas Hobbes and Modern Liberalism1505 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Thomas Hobbes is frequently credited as being a forefather to modern liberalism. With his beliefs on individualism, along with his agreeance and acceptance of intellectual and moral autonomy it is easy to understand why many modern liberals would agree with Hobbes’s political philosophy. However, Thomas Hobbes does not support the concept of a democratic government, rather he supported the notion of a absolutist government up until his death. Special attention must be given to Hobbes’sRead MoreThe State Of Nature And Government1315 Words   |  6 Pages THE STATE OF NATURE AND GOVERNMENT Chloe Holmeshaw BF190 Dr. Charles Wells October 11, 2015 â€Æ' The State of Nature and Government The State of Nature and governing in â€Å"The State of Nature† are two subject that Hobbes and Locke both discuss in their book. The enlightenment period was a time of Learning, new inventions, new theories, and new government. Two prominent figures that became known during the enlightenment were Thomas Hobbes (1588-1674) and John Locke (1632-1704). These enlightenmentRead MoreThe Seatbelt Law, By Thomas Hobbes, And Jean Jacques Rousseau1262 Words   |  6 Pagesthat everybody definitely should wear their seatbelt. Should the government be able to create and enforce this laws such as this one on the public? This paper will discuss the seatbelt law, the views of philosophers Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and whether or not this law is ethical. THOMAS HOBBES Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher who is best known for his work in political ethics. Hobbes had a pessimistic view of the human race, however his theory has beenRead MoreHobbes, Marx, and Shah1503 Words   |  7 Pagespropagated the idea equality and liberalism (Brians). Romanticism was an international movement which occurred after the Enlightenment during the late 1700s to the mid-1800s (Melani). It placed emotions at the forefront of human thought (Melani). Thomas Hobbes, a very early Enlightenment thinker, has a variety of ideas which do not coincide with those of Karl Marx, an early Romantic. The thinkers of the Enlightenment era, which was the 1700s, were philosophes, and â€Å"they believed that human reason couldRead MoreTwo Sided Coin: Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke Essay905 Words   |  4 Pages Two-sided coin: Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke There are always two-sides everything including people and the government, kind of like science vs. faith view. With Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, they give the impression to be on opposite sides when it comes to people, society and the government even and yet both were Englishmen. Hobbes was born 5 April 1588 and died 4 December 1679; he is best known today for his work on political philosophy. While John Locke was 29 August 1632 and died 28 October

Corporate Social Responsibility - 527 Words

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) also known as the â€Å"social responsibility† is defined by the European Commission as an concept where business integrate social and environment concern in their day to day activities on a voluntary basis. CSR has encapsulated the interest of one and all in term of economic, social, and environmental concern and it has become more and more important in the past years. As a whole the objective of this new law is to order business to pay 2% of their annual profit in form of contribution for the social and environmental welfare. For example, in the Mauritius guideline of CSR are in the following ways: †¢ CSR encourage companies which are registered in Mauritius to manage their day to day activities along by integrating economic, social and environmental welfare. †¢ CSR use the contribution given by the companies to support NGOS and national agencies. †¢ Promoting NGOS by supporting their work plan But the one and only question that every business leader ask is what CSR is and how this concept will be beneficial for the companies. Somehow CSR is still relatively blurred and a contested concept. According to Ramon Mullerat(2010) argued that it is the definition of CSR which is not clear and imprecise for the business leaders. Mullerat also argued that the concept and the definition of CSR will remain blurred until the concept is agreed and understand by all the companies’ owners. There are also various reasons why CSR is unclear: 1. It is a newlyShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility773 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve spending finances that do not directly benefit the company but rather advocate positive social and environmental change. The soul in the next economy forum presentation made it evident that achieving corporate social responsibly in a company can reap major benefits in terms of finances, more inspiring workplace and customer satisfaction. In the past, companies mistakenly thought that corporate socialRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1990 Words   |  8 PagesCorporate social responsibility is becoming a key initiative and an essential tool in the growth of multinational corporations and the development of third world countries throughout the globe. The two concepts can work hand in hand to provide benefits for all; however difficulties in regulating and implementing corporate social responsibility need to be overcome before effective changes can be made. Definitions of corporate social responsibility can be somewhat varied depending on the perceptionRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1904 Words   |  8 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility The different aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have been the topic of considerable debate since the last decades of the twentieth century. Main factor for the increased interest on the part of stakeholders in this topic are the increased public awareness and interest in the corporate social responsibility following the Information Revolution. This essay will assess the dangers and benefits of the business ethics for most of the stakeholders – employeesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2819 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction For the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thought of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got toRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibilities2100 Words   |  9 PagesSustainability requires monitoring and managing all the person to ensure that our economy and society can continue to exist without destroying the social and natural environment during development. The sustainability includes three pillars, which are economic, social and environment, forming a triple bottom line. The triple bottom line demands that a company s responsibility lies with stakeholder rather than shareholder. The stake holder is a party who can be affected or affect by the action of the company suchRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility15903 Words   |  64 PagesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) is a term describing a company’s obligation to be accountable to all of its stakeholder in all its operation and activities. Socially responsible companies consider the full scope of their impact on communities and the environment when making decisions, balancing the needs of stakeholder with their need to make profit. A company’s stakeholders are all those who are influenced by and can influence a company’s decisions and action, both locally and globally. BusinessRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility3253 Words   |  14 PagesLiving Dangerously in Two Worlds In my paper I will be discussing the topics related to corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility (CSR, also called corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, and responsible business) is a concept whereby organizations consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities and other stakeholders, as well as the environment. This obligationRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2819 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction For the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thought of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got toRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2818 Words   |  12 PagesFor the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thou ght of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got to be worryRead MoreCorporate Responsibility And Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1867 Words   |  8 PagesStevan Jakovljevic Professor Laud MGT 3550 Values, Ethics and Sustainability 10/18/16 Chapter 3: Define corporate responsibility (CSR). Describe the benefits. Why do some executives support CSR while others find it troublesome and argue against it? Corporate social responsibility is what a company uses to self-regulate itself and refers to business practices involving initiatives that benefit society. A business’s CSR can encompass a wide variety of tactics, from giving away a portion of a company’s

Information And Communication Technologies Developing...

Information and communication technologies have lately significantly changed and improved, developing and implementing new means of communication (Muscalu, 2015). Effective communication is understanding both your employees and your customers. It’s ensuring that the right message is utilizing the right channel in order to reach your audience. Customer Relationship Management involves generating superior shareholder value by developing appropriate relationships with the strategic customers and customer sectors (Muscalu, 2015). Understanding your customers and how they fit into the hierarchy is essential for creating effective communication. The information that is gathered about your customers will aid in connecting with them and potentially open opportunities that an organization may not have realized was there. The adverse of that is that there are also many ways to poorly communicate and it’s these poor communication methods that can be the down fall of a company. It is not simply how you communicate with your customers externally but internally as well. Issues associated with human resources management, sales and marketing have also become increasingly relevant to call center operations (Jyoti Sharmaa, 2015). The proper training and internal informative communication can go a long way toward customer satisfaction. Effective Communication Introduction To ensure effective communication within a company and with employees organizations first need to understand all ofShow MoreRelatedUpgrading Data Communication At The Classroom1662 Words   |  7 PagesUpgrading data communication in the classroom would be an appropriate technological advantage because research indicates that broadband and cloud computing are transforming education. The outdated teaching tools that we grew up with (i.e. chalkboards and hardback books) are now being replaced with interactive digital content delivered through high-speed broadband using blackboard and e-books. This means elementary school students can explore the surface of the sun through high-definition video asRead MoreCompetiveness And Performance Effectiveness For Health Care It Systems1126 Words   |  5 Pagesof HIS and technology investments, plans, and implementations, all of which are significant to the future of the organization, as well as key to its ability to perform efficiently and effe ctively from quality and cost perspectives. Not only the technology can health when it comes to the success of the organization, but also the staff members must have great knowledge of the job they do. The purpose of this paper is to determine the characteristics and responsibilities of Chief Information Officer (CIO)Read MoreA Report On Mobile Technology1457 Words   |  6 PagesCenter to implement mobile technology in organization in order to increase the efficiency of operations by providing effective communication network and information system through mobile applications and mobile devices†. It will provide the opportunity to the company to resolve the issues related to communication and sharing of information. In this report it is planned to provide recommendations directed towards Computer Systems Support Center to implement updated technology which help the company toRead MoreDeveloping And Undeveloped Countries : An Best Type Of Communication And Network At The Curre nt Time1673 Words   |  7 PagesBackground UNICEF, who focuses on providing assistance to women and children in developing and undeveloped countries, emphasis on helping people in emergency natural disasters. Under the life and death situation, communication is one of the most critical things needed. In order to effectively respond to natural disasters, UNICEF has to select the best type of communication and network at the current time. UNICEF also has to concern about many factors. For example, the local network of the affectedRead MoreSynergetic Solutions Report Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat leaders need to consider when implementing change strategies. It will describe change models and the communication necessary to implement changes, following an examination of at least five resistance types . Finally, it will examine which of these types of resistance leaders are likely to experience and strategies to manage each resistance. Synergetic Solutions faced several forces of change starting with the main external forces of change in technology. Synergetic began with more work thanRead More Access to Information - The Widening Gap Essay example1268 Words   |  6 PagesAccess to Information - The Widening Gap The â€Å"Digital Divide† is a buzz phrase heard today in North America. It refers to the growing divide between people who have and do not have access to information specifically via the internet. There are various forms of digital divides but the one that is the most despair is the global digital divide between industrialized countries and developing nations. Optimists feel that the internet and information it carries brings potential to societies of developingRead MoreStage 2 Published 2012. This Stage Typically Builds Stage1582 Words   |  7 Pagesoptional requirement for physicians and hospitals in 2017 and required in 2018 [1].† The new optional requirements give EHR vendors significant challenges to deliver successful certification standards in the program. The ability of electronic prescribing medication, exchange and transfer patient’s health information electronically between one another, and report on clinical data. The information technologies and ad vancements will also enhance the performance and effectiveness of practitioners. ARead MoreThe Digital Of Digital Privacy1380 Words   |  6 Pages The term digital privacy can be defined as or explain as by using digital means protecting information of private citizens or business, In these days when people try to explain what is digital privacy mostly they refer to usage of internet or relate with it. This is the technology era, digital privacy is being discussed in related areas, and addressing related issues according in right direction drive towards solution and help to secure more data. Digital privacy focuses and depends on the mediumRead MoreThe Issues of Globalization on National Cultures of Indonesia1272 Words   |  6 Pagesto waive the space and time constraints to get the interaction and communication between nations can be done quickly. With the support of information and communication technology, globalization penetrated all sectors of life and make significant influence on world community. In the past, people only connect with the local culture. However, now hundreds of cultures around the world can be accessed . Indonesia as a one of the developing country in the world is also experiencing the effects of rapid globalizationRead MoreInternational Technological University ( Itu )1265 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Technological University (ITU) EM 900-3 / Engineering Management I Quiz 1 TOPICS COVERED: What is Engineering Management? / Globalization / Disruptive Technology The Strategic Use of IT to Obtain Competitive Advantage November 15, 2014 Instructor: Tom Tafolla, J.D. INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Anyone caught cheating, by any means, will automatically receive an â€Å"F† grade and will be reported to the ITU Academic Integrity Committee for disciplining. 2. You must answer all questions using only

Private Funds Business Structure Operations -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Private Funds Business Structure Operations? Answer: Introduction In this case the issue which has arose in that which type of business structure should be followed by John, Tom and Raj for the purpose of carrying out their business activities in a proper manner. It has been provided through the situation that they want to carry out business activities on a day to day basis and they also want to keep the control of the activities to themselves only. In addition the situation states that they also want to be restricted to a particular amount which they may lose in case there is any loss in the business. This advice is in relation to the several business structures which they may select in relation to their business activity and which is the best structure suited in relation to their activity. Types of business structures In relation to the issue it must be stated that there are primarily three kinds of business structures which are available to a person when they are about to carry out business activity. These are namely sole proprietorship, a partnership firm and an incorporated organization (Public or private). This paper discusses the features, advantages and disadvantages of the different form of business structures so that the best suited structure to John, Tom and Raj can be derived. A sole proprietorship This is the simplest and the most easily to operate form of business structure which can be availed by a person to get into a business activity. The features of the sole proprietorship are as follows. This form of business is owned by a single person. There is no distinction between the business and the owners identity. All elements of this business organization is directly controlled by the owner. The employer is entitled to all profits and also liable for all losses which had been incurred by the business personally. All the assets which are present in this form of business structure are owned by the sole proprietor (Schell, 2017). This form of business structure can only be run by one person although he may have employees. The biggest advantage of this form of business is that it provides great deal of control over the business. The greatest disadvantage which is possessed by the business is that the liability of the sole proprietor is unlimited. This means that the sole proprieto r may be personally liable for the loss incurred by the business. In this given situation it has been provided that there are three people who want to carry out the business activity, however sole proprietorship is only for one person and thus this is not suited. In addition there is unlimited liability in this form of business and thus this is not a suitable structure. A partnership This is a form of business structure which can only exists if a minimum of two people are associated with its functioning. The owner in a partnership business is known as partners. There are several features in relation to the business and the most prominent of which is joint liability. The partners who are involved in a business are bound to each others actions just as in case of an agency. In other words there is an agency relationship between the partners. In this form of business also the liability of the partners is unlimited. This means that they can be personally liable for the losses which have been incurred by the business. The control which the partners have in this form of business depends upon the partnership agreement. The business is progressed through the terms of the partnership agreement which contain terms such as the profit sharing ratio. The partners get the help of each other in this form of business which is not available in sole proprietorships. The biggest adv antage of this form of business is that it is easy to form, and has control (Dorrill et al., 2017). The biggest disadvantage of this form of business is the application of agency law were one can be held liable for the actions of others and the unlimited liability which the partners have. Thus as John, Tom and Raj want to limit their liability in relation to the business this form of structure is not suited for them. A company This is also a form of business structure which is used for carrying out business. A company may be private or public. The features of a company are as follows. One of the primary and most distinct feature of the company is that it has a separate legal entity. The existence of the company is totally different for that of its owners. In addition the liability of the partners in relation to the company is limited to the about of investment which have been made by them into the company only. However there is lot of legal formalities which needs to be followed in order to incorporate a company (Hannigan, 2015). These obligations are much more in relation to a public company where considerable legal compliance is required. In addition the level of control which a person has in relation to a private company is much more than what is there within a public company. There are several duties which are imposed on the directors as well as various financial disclosure obligation. Recommendations The best form of business structure which has been indentified for John, Tom and Raj is a private company. With the use of this structure John, Tom and Raj would be able to have control on business, limit their liability and carry out their day-to-day activities. Thus advice is in relation to the several business structures which they may select in relation to their business activity and which is the best structure suited in relation to their activity is that they should indulge in a private company form of business. Negligence is the failure of observing duty of care by one person which results in an injury to another person. The provisions of establishing negligence in Singapore are governed by the rules laid down through common law. Establishing negligence requires the satisfaction that all the three elements which are associated with it are present. These three elements as set out through common law provisions and particularly the case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562 are duty of care, breach of duty of care and causation. The eligibility of damages for which the aggrieved party needs to be compensated is established through the element of remoteness which was primarily brought to existence through The Wagon Mound no 1 [1961] AC 388 case. The presence of such elements is objective in nature rather than subjective and thus is done though subjecting the situation in hand to various tests. Every element may be analyzed by the application of a different kind of test which have been introduced into the legal world through common law cases on negligence. The first element which has to be established is of duty of care. Only when a duty of care is identified can negligence be established. The presence of the element in the situation can be done by applying the neighbor principle as set out by the Donoghue v Stevenson case or the caparo test which is set out through the Caparo Industries pIc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 case. The neighbor principle states that a neighbor has duty of care towards another neighbor who may be injured by his actions. On the other hand the caparo test states that the element of Proximity, reasonability and Foreseeability has to be satisfied before a duty of care can be identified. This means that the person who has been injured has to be in proximity with the alleged wrongdoer and, the wrongdoer must reasonably be able to foresee that the injured person could have been harmed because of his actions. Breach of duty of care needs to be established when a person has a duty of care. This means the person who owed a duty of care was careless while complying with their duties. The breach may be established through the application of a test provided through the case of Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing. N.C. 467 which is famous as the objective test. In this test in order to analyze the breach, an objective approach as suggested by the name is taken. A person reasonably would have taken more care than the wrongdoer is considered to state whether there is a breach or not. Causation refers to the actual harm or injury which has been borne by an aggrieved person. In terms of a physical injury a test which has been provided by the case of Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428 and is commonly called the but for test. As per the ruling of this case negligence is to be established only where the injury incurred by the other person has been caused only because due care had not been observed. In the given situation the application of the test helps to determine whether the act has caused the injury to the other person and causation can be established. Contributory Negligence is a form of defense which can be availed when a person has been charged with negligence. This defense can be applied in situation where the injured person has done an action which can be considered as contributing towards his own injury as discussed in the case of Revill v Newbery [1996] 2 WLR 239. The damages in negligence is determined based on its reasonable foreseeability and remoteness. This means that a wrongdoer is only liable to compensate the aggrieved party for those damages which can be reasonably foreseen by them. The provisions has been provided in the Jolley v Sutton [2000] 1 WLR 1082 case. In the case of Watts v Rake (1960) 108 CLR 158 the court provided the thin skull rule where it was stated that all injury occurring out of a negligent activity has to be compensated by the wrongdoer irrespective of unusualness. Application The situation provided that Sue was walking with her mother who was 82 years of age. They tow very big dogs barking at them who were behind a fence. It was noticed by Sue that although the gate of the fence was closed it was not unlatched. The two dogs managed to get out of the fence and attempted to injure Sue and her mother. A dogs were not able to bite them as their owner arrived in due time. However a severe heart attack was suffered by Sues mother in relation to the shock and she died. It is clear while applying the caparo test and the neighbor principle that a duty of care was owed by the owner of the dogs to any person who passed the fence as the dogs may have injured such person. Thus the test of proximity, reasonability and foreseeability has been satisfied and duty of care exists. In is clear while applying the objective test that a reasonable person would have not kept the gate unlatched while having two vicious dogs inside it. Thus the duty of care has been breached in the situation. In addition while applying the but for test it is evident that Sues mother would not have died if the dogs were in the fence. In addition although the dogs did not harm her she had died due to the heart attack caused from shock of the dogs. In addition a reasonable person could foresee that dogs can kill a person a person may be shocked by their aggressive nature. Thus negligence is present. Thus Dogs owner is liable to pay compensation for the death of Sues mother as per the skull rule and element of remoteness. Conclusion There is negligence done by the Dogs owner and he is liable to pay compensation for the death of Sues mother References Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428 Caparo Industries pIc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 562 Dorrill, J., Schindel, M., Christensen, T., Ingle, A., Lewey, J. (2017). Partnership Law.SMU Annual Texas Survey,3(1), 321. Hannigan, B. (2015).Company law. Oxford University Press, US Jolley v Sutton [2000] 1 WLR 1082 Revill v Newbery [1996] 2 WLR 239. Schell, J. M. (2017). Private equity funds: Business structure and operations. Law Journal Press. The Wagon Mound no 1 [1961] AC 388 case Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing. N.C. 467 A sole proprietorship

The Theory of Psychological Egoism

Introduction The story of Tony, Claire and Beth confirms the theory of psychological egoism. According to the theory of psychological egoism, everyone is selfish and this is built in the nature of human beings. We therefore can not avoid acting selfishly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Psychological Egoism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tony, Claire and Beth in one way or another have decided to give up their comfort to support another’s life. Each one of them is providing support to another’s life in order to gain some fame or feel good about himself or herself although their acts may seem acts of self-sacrifice. According to Psychological egoism, self-less good deeds do not exist. Beth feels good about herself for providing support for her sick mother. She becomes too busy with her mother and forgets about the emotional needs of Tony. Claire also decides to offer support to both B eth and Tony, but this is seen an opportunity to feel good about herself and be popular to the two and most likely to ward off future bad events. Tony also offers his support to Beth so as to maintain the relationship between them. To satisfy his ego, Tony decides to get into another relationship behind Beth’s back. Tony took advantage of Beth’s situation because he was sure he would get away with it (Rosentand, 2005). Ethical Theory Subscribers According to the theory of ethical egoism, we should always be selfish in our actions in order to protect or achieve our interest. Proponents and believers of ethical egoism are guided by utilitarianism where actions are guided by the consequences it could have on the individual. The consequences of the action taken by the individual have to be beneficial to him or her. We should therefore treat others in a way that gives an opportunity to receive the same treatment should the same thing happen to us.Advertising Looking fo r essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Having in mind that what goes around could sometimes come around; a subscriber to the theory of ethical egoism knowing he or she could also be cheated on may decide to tell Beth the truth in order to strengthen the relationship between them. This would give him or her opportunity to be told the truth whenever his or her fiancà ©e cheats behind his or her back. To some subscribers of ethical egoism, it would not matter how the relationship ends as long as he or she maintains a close friendship with Beth. The golden rule guiding ethical egoist usually emphasizes the self and not others. Subscribers of ethical egoism believe that it is okay to treat others in a manner that would work to your advantage as long as you are sure you will benefit from it. This means that in this case, whatever happens to the relationship is the least of a proponent’s problem as long as he or she ma intains friendship with Beth. On the other hand, a subscriber to the theory may decide to keep the secret as if he or she knows nothing about what the problem could have been. This could be driven by the fact that he or she would also not want his or her relationships to be interfered with should he or she also decide to cheat on his or her fiancà ©e. This is likely to be done by those who want to shield Tony and could even decide to give Beth other excuses for Tony’s past behavior. Such a subscriber believes that by defending Tony, he or she would receive the same when caught in the same situation. Solution According to the theory of psychological egoism, Tony had applied his invisibility during Beth’s commitment to her mother to satisfy his emotional needs. His perceived invisibility led him into temptation which made him involve in a short temporary relationship.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Psychological Egoism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, such weak characters have to be punished or at least made to realize their mistakes. Tony’s act of selfishness should be counseled and Beth be made to know before they get married regardless of how good he had been to Beth. He has to be held accountable for his deeds because actions are results of decisions. However, the counseling should involve both Tony and Beth together. This would help each one them understand his or her mistake leading to the situation. I would counsel Tony to make him reveal what he did and what had led to the temptation and also make Beth understand the part she played in causing the situation. They would therefore both understand what they aught to have done and each be made to apologize for his or her part. Making Tony understand that cheating on his fiancà ©e was not the best and well thought solution would be the most fundamental part of the counseling. The counseling w ould help both of them move forward without any doubts about each other and would also make them free to discuss their feelings about each other. Conclusion From Tony, Claire and Beth’s love story, it is not wise to take the ethical theory perspective in solving the problem. It is appropriate to consider better ethical systems which rise above utilitarianism. The position taken should consider the moral rules as well as duties of each person in making the relationship prosper. Reference List Rosentand, N. (2005). The moral of the story. An introduction to ethics, 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Publishers. This essay on The Theory of Psychological Egoism was written and submitted by user Ulik to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to find out your most annoying workplace habits

How to find out your most annoying workplace habits The office is like a second home. It’s the place where you spend 8-10+ hours daily with the same people around you. Being around the same group of people for that many hours you tend to find out what their most annoying habits are. Whether it is the loud girl that is always talking about how fab her life is or the guy across the room who is always bringing in the tuna sandwich; we all know their habits that makes us cringe. But have we ever stopped to consider just as other people’s habits may get under their skin; we just might have the same effect on them? Do you know what your most annoying workplace habit is?This quiz is perfect to help you figure it out; then you can work on stopping it immediately.  Ã‚  Source [PlayBuzz]

Questions and Answers - Questions on Measurement and Evaluation Essay

Questions and Answers - Questions on Measurement and Evaluation - Essay Example 7. Draft a set of questions for each part above, the answer to which would provide the information you need. Indicate whether your questions ask for factual or subjective information and whether the resulting data will have nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio properties. 9. What are the various levels of measurement? Why are the differences between the levels of measurement important? Give an example of data that can be transformed from one level to another and another example of data that cannot be so transformed. Levels of measurement are defined by the nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio properties. The various levels of measurement are the relationship among the values of data. These values or attributes characterize the variable. Understanding the difference among the levels of measurement is important because it allows the researcher to determine whether the data needs to be processed or transformed from one level to another. For example a data can be said to transform if it is ordinal or interval. Hence, income of individuals can be transformed into low, medium or high group. Alternatively, there are some data which cannot be transformed. Such data falls into the nominal category. Nominal data merely represents the alternate name or denomination of the said data and do not have statistical value even when calculated. For example quality health care cannot be measured. A good evaluation question implies that the levels of measurement are used to identify the significance of the data. Variables have values to be assigned. For example assumptions at nominal level cannot be used to generate meaningful data that would support analysis of the hypothesis. On the other hand, if levels of measurement are integrated within the evaluation question then it would enable the researcher to transform data to meaningful data that would provide meaningful results. Good evaluation questions also assign

Best Practices Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Best Practices Position Paper - Essay Example The way organizational culture changes in the wake of the adoption of the best practices is one significant aspect that comes under serious reckoning. It raises eyebrows since the company has an automatic shift within its work methodologies and it wants to emulate the best amongst the business. This imitation is not for the sake of copying workflow by workflow but to attain higher levels within the management regimes when the talk goes out loud regarding the organizational cultural domains. This means that the way employees dress up, do their chores and interact with the clients and customers is in direct proportion with the ways the best practices have been doing for a considerable period of time. (Taylor & Labarre, 2006) Also there is a great deal of check and balance mechanism being conducted so that the mistakes could be avoided and if the same are committed in essence, efforts are made to re-do them in the correct way. The best practices lead to the benchmarks that already exist within the related industries and are indeed deemed as the very best amongst their concerned areas of service. It is necessary for the best practice human resource management to have performance management systems in place before any advancement could be envisaged at some point in time within the future. Once these performance management systems are installed and in place, we can have a proper check and balance mechanism as concerns to the people who are working in the company. Performance management systems make use of the fact that performance is increased on the part of all concerned and there is no shortfall as concerns to commitment, dedication and devotion when at work. What this performance management system does is to ensure that the right people get the bonuses, incentives and so on as well as point out the ones who have fallen short on the company’s expectations over a period of time. This would help in giving them rewards and incentives which will

Detection and Mitigation of DDOS Attack

Detection and Mitigation of DDOS Attack A Survey on Detection and Mitigation of Distributed Denial of Service attack in Named  Data Networking Sandesh Rai1*, Dr. Kalpana Sharma 2, and Dependra Dhakal 3 1Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Student, Computer Science Engineering, Rangpo, Sikkim. 2Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Head of Department, Professor, Computer Science Engineering, Rangpo, Sikkim 3Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Assistant Professor, Computer Science Engineering, Rangpo ,Sikkim Abstract. There are various number of on-going research are taking place thats aims to provide next best Internet architecture although there are varieties of scope and maturity. This research is mainly based on to provide better security and better privacy as basic requirements of the protocol. Denial of Service Attacks which is a major issue in current Internet architecture also plays a critical issue in any new upcoming internet architecture and requires major focus for the same. The paper focus on the Interest flooding attack which is one the different type of Distributed Denial of service attack (DDOS).NDN incorporates better security features that detect and mitigate certain attack in the networks. But its resilience to the attacks has not analyzed yet. It presents the Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) in Named Data Networking where an adversary sends out Interest packet with spoof names as an attacking packet to the NDN router. Keywords: NDN, DDOS, Content store, Pending Interest Table, Cache pollution. 1 Introduction Clearly internet has become a part of the day todays life of the people. Millions of people around the world use it to do various type of day todays task. It connect millions of people around the world via wired ,wireless, mobile or fixed computing devices and host huge amount of information(which is in the digital form) to be used by people. Internet provides information to be exchanged and has exponentially grown over time. The main ideas of the Todays internet architecture were developed in 70s.The telephone where conversation was point to point. The utilization of the Internet has dramatically changed since 70s and current internet has to adapt well with new usage model, new application and new services. To cope up with these changes, a variety number of research is taking place to design a new Internet architecture. Named Data Networking (NDN) [1] is one of the ongoing research .Its main objective is to developed a next best Internet architecture for upcoming generation. Its an instantiation of the of the Information Centric approach (ICN) or Content Centric approach (CCN) [1][2][3]. The main objective of the CCN is to provide more flexibility, security and scalability. CCN provide more security by securing the individual pieces of content rather than securing the connection. It provides more flexibility by using content name instead of using IP addresses. NDN is one of the instances of Information Centric Networking (ICN).NDN is based on the working principle of Content-Centric Networking (CCN) [3], where content instead of hosts are the main focus in the communications architecture. NDN is one of the research projects funded by the United State of National Science Foundation (NSF) which is under Future Internet Architecture (FIA) Program [3].NDN focus on the name rather than the location of th e host. In NDN every pieces of the data is digitally signed by its source producer. The signing in data allows the producer to be trusted and authenticated. Caching of the data is one of the core features of the NDN which helps to optimum use of network bandwidth use in the network . NDN provide an attractive architecture for the data distribution, anonymous communication. 1.1 Distributed Denial of service attack: As the years goes by, Distributed denial of service (DDOS) attack have become common and dangerous and it remains among the most critical threats on the current Internet. They are very difficult to detect and mitigate. Any new architecture should detect and mitigate DoS attack or at least minimum their effeteness. NDN appear to be efficient for the distribution of the content for the legitimate parties but unknown to malicious parties. Instead of using single host computer and single connection for the internet, the DDOS attack utilizes various number of host computers and various number of internet connections. The host computers for an attack are distributed across the whole wide world. The difference between a DOS attack VS a DDOS attack is that the victim host will be overloaded by thousands number of resources requests. In the attacks process, the adversary host node in the network sends request a huge number of zombie for the attack to take place. A malicious user attacks the n etwork host by requesting resources in a huge number in the form of Interest packets with spoofed names or without spoofed name. These huge numbers of Interest consumes the bandwidth of the network and exhaust a routers memory. This type of attack is known as Interest Flooding Attack (IFA) and this paper exclusively focus on this problem and their proposed countermeasures. 2 Overview of NDN Architecture Named data networking is an new and ongoing research architecture whose motivation is the architectural mixed of current internet architecture and its various usage. However the architecture design and principles are motivational derivation from the successes of todays Internet architecture [4]. The thin waist as can be seen in Figure 1 of hour glass architecture was the key service of the enormous growth of the internet by allowing both upside layer and bottom layer technologies to innovate independently. The NDN architecture contains the same hourglass shape as shown in Figure 1.2.1, but changes the thin waist by using data directly rather than its location. Figure 2.1 [4]: NDN Hourglass Architectures For communication, NDN provide two different packets i.e. Interest and Data packets. A user asks for resources by issuing Interest packet to the router in the network, which contains a name for those particular resources that identifies and verifies the desired data for the host. Different fields of a data packet [5]: 1.Signature: To verify data. 2. Key locator: To verify signature. 3. Publisher Public Key Digest: Public key hash of the producer. 4. Content name: Name of the requested data. 5 Selector: which include scope: and reserved. Figure 2.2 [6]: Packets in the NDN Architecture Any node having data that satisfies it, a Data packet is issued by the satisfied router [7], each router of NDN contains following different three data structures for Interest packet and Data packet forwarding. i) Content Store (CS): Recently used data are store. ii) Forward Information Base (FIB): Routing table of name of the data and it guides Interests toward data producers [8]. iii) Pending Interest Table (PIT): Store unsatisfied data request. It record the requested data name[8]. 3 Interest Flooding attacks By using the information and state of the Pending Interest Table (PIT), a routing of content by router is performed. In the PIT the name of requesting content is looked up for identifying its entry. The malicious node uses the state of the PIT to perform DDOS attacks. Basically there are three types of Interest Flooding attack [9]: a) Static: This type of attack attacks the infrastructure of the network and is limited and caching provides a build in solution. The interest is satisfied by the content of the cache [10]. b) Dynamically generated: Here the requested resources is dynamic and all the requested interest reaches to the content producer depleting the network bandwidth and state of the Pending Interest Table (PIT).Since the requested content is dynamic, in build cache does not serve as countermeasure for the attacks[10]. c) Non- existing: This report focus on this attack type where attacker involves non-satisfiable interest for a non-existing content in the network. These kinds of interest are not taken care by the router and are routed to the content producer depleting network bandwidth and router PIT states [11]. In all three types of attacks the malicious host uses a very large number of fake request, which are distributed in nature, An adversary host can use two features unique to NDN, namely CS and PIT, to perform DDoS attacks [12] in the router. We focus on attacks that overwhelm the PIT, which keeps record which are not fulfill by a router. The adversary host issues a large set of fake request, which are possibly distributed in nature, to generate a large number of Interest packets with spoofed name as shown in Figure 1.3.1 aiming to (1) overwhelm PIT table in routers, and (2) swamp the target content producers [13][14]. Figure 3.1 [15]: Example of Interest flooding attack Once the PIT is exceed its threshold, all incoming interests are dropped as there will no memory space available to create entries for new resourced interests. Since the names are spoofed, no Interest packets will be satisfied by the content [16]. These packets request will remain in the PIT for as much as possible, which will definitely exhaust the router memory and router resources on routers. This is the goal of Interest flooding attack. 4 Related Works Gasti et al. [17] analyzed the resilience of Named Data networking to the DDOS attacks. The paper discussed two different types of attacks with their effect and proposed two countermeasure mechanisms: a) Router Statistics and b) Push-back approaches. Afanasyev et al. [18] addressed the flooding attack. Their works explain the feasibility of the interest flooding attacks and the requirement of the effective solution. In terms of evaluation of the attack the proposed mitigation plan is complementary to Poseidon mitigation .Afanasyev et al. proposed three different mitigation algorithms: a) token bucket with per interface fairness b) satisfaction-based pushback c) satisfaction-based interest acceptance. All the three algorithms exploit their own state information to stop Interest flooding attacks. Satisfaction based pushback mechanism among three algorithms effectively detect and mitigate the attack and ensure all the interest form a legitimate user. Campagno et at. [19] Addressed the flooding attacks and proposed a mitigation algorithm called Poseidon. This algorithm is strictly used for non-existing type of interest flooding attacks. This mitigation algorithm is used for local and distributed interest flooding attacks. Dai et al. [20] addressed the flooding attacks and proposed a mitigation algorithm. The solution is based on the collaboration of the router and the content producer. Dai et al. proposed Interest traceback algorithm. The algorithm generates a spoof data packet to satisfy the interest in the PIT to trace the originators. According to the, the algorithm is not proactive, that overhead the network by sending out spoof data packet for the interest depleting the bandwidth of the network and creating traffic. The main shortcoming of this approach is that its take the long unsatisfied interest in the PIT as adversary interest and others as legit interest. So the router drops any long incoming interest packet which may be a legitimate interest. Choi et al. [21] addressed the overview of the Interest Flooding attacks for strictly non-existing content only on NDN. The paper tries to explain the effectiveness of the attack in the network and in quality of services. Karami et al. [22] addressed and provide a hybrid algorithm for the solution. The algorithm is proactive. There are two phase 1) detection 2) reaction. In detection phase the attack is detect using combination of multi objective evolutionary optimization and Radial basis function (Neural Network).In the reaction phases an adaptive mechanism for reaction is used to mitigate the attacks. 5 Analysis of survey The following table show the analysis of the all the paper and comparison related only on the project. The table is a comparison of different paper which is written by well-known publishers. The Analysis try to provide a possible research gap that is present on the paper. Table 1.Comparison of different NDN related paper SLno Title Publication Details Summary Research Gap 1 DoS DDoS in Named Data Networking P. Gasti, G. Tsudik, E. Uzun, and L. Zhang. DoS DDoS in named-data networking. Technical report, University of California. Discussed two types of attacks with their effects and potential countermeasures (Router Statistics and Push-back Mechanisms). 1. The paper only put a light on the attack and its possible countermeasures. 2 Interest flooding attack and countermeasures in Named Data Networking A. Afanasyev, P. Mahadevan, I. Moiseenko, E. Uzun, and L. Zhang. Interest flooding attack and countermeasures in Named Data Networking. In IFIP Networking. Proposed three mitigation algorithms. (token bucket with per-interface fairness, satisfaction-based Interest acceptance, and satisfaction-based pushback). 1.Improvements in token bucket with per-interface fairness, satisfaction-based Interest acceptance was less effective than satisfaction based pushback. 3 Poseidon: Mitigating interest flooding DDoS attacks in named data networking. A. Compagno, M. Conti, P. Gasti, and G. Tsudik, Poseidon: Mitigating interest flooding DDoS attacks in named data networking,Conference on Local Computer Networks. Proposed a framework, named Poseidon, for mitigation of local and distributed Interest flooding attack for non-existing contents 1.Fixed Threshold. 4 A hybrid multiobjective RBFPSO method for mitigating DoS attacks in named data networking. A. Karami and M. Guerrero-Zapata, A hybrid multiobjective RBFPSO method for mitigating DoS attacks in named data networking,Neurocomputing. Introduced an intelligent combination algorithm for the solution. 1.Investigating inter-domain DoS attacks and applying Hybrid approach. 5 Threat of DoS by interest flooding attack in content-centric networking S. Choi, K. Kim, S. Kim, and B.-H. Roh,:Threat of DoS by interest flooding attack in content-centric networking, in International Conference on Information Networking. Explain the difficulty for getting a solution flooding attacks in the PIT. 1.Analyzing DDoS attacks and their countermeasures. 6 Mitigate ddos attacks in ndn by interest traceback H. Dai, Y. Wang, J. Fan, and B. Liu. Mitigate ddos attacks in ndn by interest traceback. In NOMEN. Introduced a traceback solution where a node sends a spoof data packet to trace the host. 1. Only the request which is long is considered as malicious request. 6 Conclusion This report starts with a brief introduction of the CCN, NDN architecture and which is further followed by common and most critical attacks in todays internet. NDN mainly focuses on the data security, data privacy for the users. This report clearly represents only the starting step for mitigating DDOS attacks on the Pending Interest Table in the context of NDN. In this paper, we have explained DDOS attack and its various types namely, interest flooding attack. We have discussed current research regarding the attack, their existing solution, and try to analyze the given solution for detection and mitigation. The adversary tries to exploit interest forwarding rule to make certain interest for the packet with the never existing content name. We analyzed that the victim of the attack is host and PIT of the router. Thus a huge amount of Interest packet will reside on the PIT of the router which use and exhaust the memory of the router and computing resources of the router which will defin itely degrade the performance of the router. The NDN is the latest ongoing research topic and a new propose Internet architecture where limited research have been done for the mitigation and detection of the interest flooding attack thus there is a very much need for details analysis on the security before the architecture actually deployed. References V. Jacobson, M. Mosko, D. Smetters, and J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves.: Content- centric networking, Whitepaper, Palo Alto Research Center, pp. 2-4 (2007) V. Jacobson, D. K. Smetters, J. D. Thornton, M. F. Plass, N. H. Briggs, and R. L. Braynard,.:Networking named content,in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, ACM(2009) L. Zhang, D. Estrin, J. Burke, V. Jacobson, J. D. Thornton, D. K. Smetters, B. Zhang, G. Tsudik, D. Massey, C. Papadopoulos et al.: Named data networking (NDN) project, Relatorio Tecnico NDN-0001, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center-PARC( 2010) J. Pan, S. Paul, and R. Jain.: A survey of the research on future internet architectures, Communications Magazine, IEEE (2011) A. Hoque, S. O. Amin, A. Alyyan, B. Zhang, L. Zhang, and L. Wang.: NLSR: Named-data link state routing protocol,in Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCOMM Workshop7Information-Centric Networking, ACM, pp. 15-20(2013) V. Jacobson, J. Burke, L. Zhang, B. Zhang, K. Claffy, D. Krioukov, C. Papadopoulos, L. Wang, E. Yeh, and P. Crowley.:Named data networking (NDN) project 2013- 2014 report,http://named-data.net, Annual Progress Report( 2014) C. Ghali, G. Tsudik, and E. Uzun.: Elements of trust in named-data networking, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, ACM, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1-9 (2014) M. Aamir and S. M. A. Zaidi,.:Denial-of-service in content centric (named data) networking: A tutorial and state-of-the-art survey, Security and Communication Networks, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 2037-2059 (2015) M. W ¨ahlisch, T. C. Schmidt, and M. Vahlenkamp.: Backscatter from the data plane threats to stability and security in information-centric networking. CoRR, abs/1205.4778 (2012) Content centric networking (CCNx) project. http://www.ccnx.org. A. Afanasyev, I. Moiseenko, and L. Zhang.: ndnSIM: NDN simulator for NS-3. Technical Report NDN-0005, 2012, University of California, Los Angeles(2012) Wang R, Jia Z, Ju L.: An Entropy-Based Distributed DDoS Detection Mechanism in Software-Defined Networking. InTrustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA, Vol. 1, pp. 310-317(2013) Kumar, K., Joshi, R.C. and Singh, K..: A distributed approach using entropy to detect DDoS attacks in ISP domain. In Signal Processing, Communications and Networking, ICSCN07. International Conference on pp. 331-337(2007) Feinstein L, Schnackenberg D, Balupari R, Kindred D. :Statistical approaches to DDoS attack detection and response. InDARPA Information Survivability Conference and Exposition, 2003. Proceedings Vol. 1, pp. 303-314(2003) Krishnan, R., Krishnaswamy, D. and Mcdysan, D.: Behavioral security threat detection strategies for data center switches and routers. In Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), 2014 IEEE 34th International Conference on pp. 82-87(2014) Zhang Y.:An adaptive flow counting method for anomaly detection in SDN. InProceedings of the ninth ACM conference on Emerging networking experiments and technologies pp. 25-30(2013) P. Gasti, G. Tsudik, E. Uzun, and L. Zhang, DoS and DDoS in named data networking, in 22nd International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), pp. 1-7(2013) A. Afanasyev, P. Mahadevan, I. Moiseenko, E. Uzun, and L. Zhang.:Interest flooding attack and countermeasures in named data networking, in IFIP Networking Conference, pp. 1-9(2013) A. Compagno, M. Conti, P. Gasti, and G. Tsudik,Poseidon: Mitigating interest flooding DDoS attacks in named data networking,in 38th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), IEEE, pp. 630- 638(2013) H. Dai, Y. Wang, J. Fan, and B. Liu, Mitigate DDoS attacks in NDN by interest traceback, in Conference on Computer Communications Workshops.(INFOCOM WKSHPS), IEEE,pp. 381- 386(2013) S. Choi, K. Kim, S. Kim, and B.-H. Roh, Threat of DoS by interest flooding attack in content-centric networking, in International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), pp. 315-319(2013) A. Karami and M. Guerrero-Zapata.: A hybrid multiobjective RBFPSO method for mitigating DoS attacks in named data networking, Neurocomputing, vol. 151, pp. 1262-1282(2015)

A Theological Perspective of the Clash of Civilizations Essay examples

Introduction On more than one occasion, President George W. Bush has described the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as fostering â€Å"a monumental battle of good versus evil.† In this battle, there has been no doubt in his mind (or in ours) regarding who is on the side of good and who is on the side of evil. Though some have winced at the President’s use of such absolute moral terms to portray the tragic events of that fateful day, others have applauded his courageous use of such unfashionable discourse as entirely appropriate, even suggesting that it implies the demise of the cultural scourge of postmodern moral relativism. Another important way, not entirely unrelated, of interpreting what transpired on 9/11 is to explain the attack of Islamic extremists on the United States of America as a manifestation of a â€Å"clash of civilizations.† At the center of this way of looking at these unprecedented events has been an article and book both authored by the noted Harvard professor of political science, Samuel P. In the summer 1993 edition of the journal Foreign Affairs, Huntington argued that world politics was entering a new phase after the end of the Cold War, and that tensions between civilizations, as the highest cultural groupings of people, would dominate the global scene. He explains the article’s thesis in these words. It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different ci... ...vides a basis for that blaze, that vision, and that life. Let us pray and live it out with a sincere heart with a view to God’s glory in the restoration of humankind Solzhenitsyn, â€Å"A World Split Apart,† 59, 61. and the renewal of the earth in an age of a tremendous battle between good and evil and the clash of civilizations. Lord, make me an instrument of Your peace. Where there is hatred, let me sow love. Where there is injury, pardon. Where there is doubt, faith. Where there is despair, hope. Where there is darkness, light. And where there is sadness, joy. O divine Master, grant that I may seek not so much to be consoled, as to console. To be understood, as to understand. To be loved, as to love. For it is in giving that we receive; It is in pardoning that we are pardoned; And it is in dying that we are born to eternal life. Amen.

Geography MYP portfolio

Basically, gender inequality is an unequal treatment in terms of gender, male and female. Gender inequality is mainly – discrimination of women. So women have fewer job opportunities and they do work which is believed not to be a work for men. Long time ago women used to do the housework and look after children, and men used to work and earn money. Nowadays we can see that women are treated unequally to men in some LED countries: African countries, Pakistan, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and some other Muslim countries.But gender inequality still exists in some extent in every country in he world in main areas of the society: political, economical and sometimes in social. Main body (Discussion) Gender inequality in social area of society Mainly the service area (education, culture, healthcare, social welfare, public transport and etc. ) is included into social area. So, basically, here we can see the most unequal treatment of men and women. In all those African and Muslim countries wome n are treated unequally in this social area. In other countries (MED countries: US, Russia, Japan etc. , if there is an unequal treatment, then it mostly happens in economical and political areas. As an example of a country with unequal treatment, I will choose Pakistan. In Pakistan you can see gender inequality, for example in terms of education. In education, gender inequality means that women are not able to study and after have an education. Women just stay at home and do all the housework like washing, cooking; they also look after children, because kids are needed to help their mothers, so usually families are really big.Historically, in 1 9th century feminist-sympathetic movement communities tried to isolate women from any contact with men. On 14th of August, 1947 Pakistan was officially independent, but more than a half of Pakistani women are not independent even now. Pakistan believes that women were created only to take care of their husbands. Women's only job is to make s ure that her husband is satisfied and happy with his life. So women in Pakistan have to learn how to be a good daughter, sister and mother. Nowadays, Women are kept treating this way. They are also forbidden to go to schools.A lot of people (men) are against education for women, in Pakistan. There were so many crimes, when omen tried to kill a woman or a girl. Sometimes that happened, when a woman tried to study secretly. Gender inequality in economical area of society Economical area is a sphere of trading, exchange, producing, consuming and distribution of goods and services. Methods of producing and wealth distribution are the main factors that determine specificity of economic relations. Gender inequality in this area is not aggressive as it is in social area. We can see these inequalities in a few ways.Lets say there is a company, which is a part of secondary sector, so the employees are people who work tit machines and machinery. It means that men are more likely to work in th ose companies, as it would be a really hard work for women. So from this example, we can say that women are allowed to work there, but they don't, because its difficult for them and also they don't want to. In other companies, in primary sector, some employers prefer to hire men, because if you will have woman working on your company, then you can decrease company's productivity.Women might get pregnant, so she gets some rest (from 3 to 16 months, depends on a country), and after she'll have to look after her hillier. And men will always be there on his workplace. Gender inequality in political area of society political area is a sphere Of people's relations, which are mainly related to each other in terms of politics and government. Before one of the most worrisome issues was an unequal treatment of women in government and administrative office. Involving women in politics so much distinguished countries like Lithuania.As this country was technologically developing the people's lif estyle was changing a lot. In this process women started gaining ore stuff to do including the right to vote in presidential elections. Conclusion In social area, there are still a lot of gender inequalities, especially in poor LED countries. In Pakistan some men are even able to kill women, who are trying to get education, get a job and etc. I think that it's not right, and men and women should be equal. Equality leads to country's development and industrialization or at least helps it. In the economical area the only border for women are the requirements.Women are allowed to work, but their wage might be smaller, and the rotgut's quality might be lower, because, for example, men are better in working on the factories with all those machines. But it's not necessarily like that, and of course women can sometimes work even better than men, especially in the primary sector. In political area women doesn't really have problems, maybe only in LED countries where they are treated unequal ly to men. You can see some women politician that work in the government, even though it's rare. In my opinion, women should be equal to men, have the same opportunities, abilities and etc.

Thomas Hobbes And John Locke On Liberty - 1502 Words

In this essay, the contrasting ideas of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke on liberty will be discussed and critically analyzed. Freedom is the idea of being able to do what one wants to, however, in a society, laws are created to make us all equal. Laws apply to every one of us in a civilized democratic society, which is the common voice that keeps us living together without violating each other’s rights.- Author’s general view.7 Thomas Hobbes primarily expresses the idea of liberty using sovereignty as a model. According to him, sovereignty was established by agreement initially, but he goes on to say that sovereignty established by force incorporates the same rights and requirements of the social contract. The difference lies in the way the sovereign is retained, installed and thought of. A sovereign coming into power by universal consent is supported by the masses, as people fear each other. In contrast to this, a sovereign that comes into power by force gains support as the people fear the sovereign himself. Both of these sovereigns are mutually consented to by social contract, which is driven by fear in either case. In the state of nature, liberty was non-existent as actions were influenced by fear of death and fear of the power held by others. While fear and power are present in The Leviathan, the person has acquired absolute liberty as he handed over fear and power to the sovereign to use as tools cons entingly making him responsible for his own fate should the sovereignShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke s Theory Of Government884 Words   |  4 Pages This essay will discuss and show how Thomas Jefferson’s theory of revolution follows the speculation of government from the philosopher John Locke. We’ll additionally discuss Thomas Hobbes’s theory of government. Both John Locke and Jefferson’s theories contributed to the American Revolution and to the Declaration of Independence. 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