Summary of Chapter 1_The End of Risk-Free Rate Assignment

Summary of Chapter 1_The End of Risk-Free Rate - Assignment ExampleThis is because the bonds provide funds for healthcare, education, law enforcement as well as other existence requirements. The most common theories associated to insecurity free rate and from which other valuations are derived involve modern portfolio theory (MPT) and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Additionally, the peril free rate functions in rare occasions since the MPT maintains that there is only one risk-free rate, which is the risk-free rate asset that pays a low rate. The risk free rate is used by MPT to determine the optimum portfolio.At the basic level, risk is said to be the probability of outcomes or events and is divided into one-third main categories that include absolute, default and relative risk. There nurture been attempts to use alternatives to the risk-free rate such as the T-bill that remains the best option since it was the nearest investment to a short-term riskless security. The main reason why the risk-free rate has changed is the catastrophic events happening in most developed countries economies that include credit market collapses, stock market collapses, and wars. The valuation level of the risk-free rate can be determined or judged through the Fisher equation. The thought that treasury bills have yielded zero or negative in certain periods indicates that there is no real risk-free rate. On the other hand, there have been increased debts in major governments and the development of other aspects such as debt mutualization. This is because of realization of too little growth versus intense debts. In some instances, the arrive debt has exceeded the total GDP. Without growth, fiscal consolidation proves futile. Fiscal measures should be permanent to help in reduction of debt. If austerity is followed, it could take approximately 10 years to discern results. Debt ratio might increase by attempting to reduce it through austerity, which adds risk premium to government bonds over time.The market demand for safe assets has